N°5 / Théories et pratiques du Care

Éduquer au pouvoir d’agir, favoriser une pensée attentive. L’écriture de scénarii d’anticipation  pour éclairer les implications éthiques

Nathalie PANISSAL, Fabienne PLÉGAT-SOUTJIS

Abstract

Cet article se propose d’interroger les liens entre l’éducation citoyenne aux technosciences et le développement de la pensée critique selon la perspective du care et de la justice. Il s’appuie sur l’analyse d’écrits de scenarii fictifs produits par des collégiens, dans le cadre d’un dispositif d’enseignement interdisciplinaire, à propos d’innovations technologiques. La posture d’auteur sensibilise les élèves à des questions sociétales et éthiques. L’écriture narrative constitue une action éducative qui serait à même de modifier l’avenir en l’éclairant. En tant que forme créative d’éducation, elle stimule une pensée critique autour d’une rationalité du care émergeante dans des récits. Avec le scénario nous disposons d’un outil qui problématise la nature des implications éthiques des technologies et permet l’émergence de la vulnérabilité. Nous discutons de l’intérêt du récit d’anticipation pour construire une prospective du futur chez les élèves.

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<p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Nathalie Panissal, Professeure des Universit&eacute;s, didactique des QSV</span></span></span></i></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><u><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">nathalie.panissal@ensfea.fr</span></span></span></i></span></span></u></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Fabienne Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, Docteure en S&eacute;miotique, Agr&eacute;g&eacute;e de Lettres</span></span></span></i></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><u><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">plegat.soutjis@wanadoo.fr</span></span></span></i></span></span></u></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&Eacute;duquer au pouvoir d&rsquo;agir, favoriser une pens&eacute;e attentive.</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii d&rsquo;anticipation </span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pour &eacute;clairer les implications &eacute;thiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><a href="https://tepcare.hypotheses.org/files/2020/06/N.-Panissal-F.-Plégat-Soutjis-Notos-5-2020.pdf"><span style="color:#2980b9;"><strong>T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l&#39;article complet en format PDF</strong></span></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Introduction&nbsp;: Le care au sein de l&rsquo;espace &eacute;ducatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Le propos d&eacute;velopp&eacute; ici concerne l&rsquo;axe &eacute;ducation/care. De nombreux travaux &eacute;mergent au sein de cette interaction entre le terrain &eacute;ducatif<small><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">et la th&eacute;orie&nbsp;</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">recentr&eacute;e autour du terme anglais &laquo;&nbsp;care&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></small></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times="">Au sein de cet axe de r&eacute;flexion, et en nous appuyant par ailleurs sur les th&eacute;ories du care (Gilligan, 1982&nbsp;; Tronto, 2009) d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es aux &Eacute;tats-Unis dans les ann&eacute;es 80 et souvent associ&eacute;es &agrave; la question du genre, nous souhaitons introduire une autre dimension &agrave; m&ecirc;me de cr&eacute;er, dans l&rsquo;espace &eacute;ducatif, un lieu (espace d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoire, espace cr&eacute;atif) o&ugrave; les jeunes apprenants vont pouvoir &eacute;prouver &laquo; le caract&egrave;re social et vuln&eacute;rable du soi (en tant) qu&rsquo;acteurs inscrits dans des &eacute;cosyst&egrave;mes.&nbsp;&raquo; (Bouchareu, 2016). Dans la perspective des travaux de Tronto, nous ne r&eacute;duisons pas le </span><i new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times="">care</i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times=""> &agrave; une morale - ou plut&ocirc;t dans le cadre de notre th&eacute;matique &agrave; des mises en garde sur une &eacute;volution technologique exponentielle - car nous pensons qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimente dans une pratique, dans un agir. De fait, notre recherche consiste &agrave; penser des espaces &eacute;ducatifs qui impulsent une action en cr&eacute;ant un contexte, &agrave; valeur d&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me, avec lequel le caract&egrave;re social et fragile de l&rsquo;individu va pouvoir interagir.</span></p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; De nombreuses recherches dans le champ de la sociologie font &eacute;tat de la place occup&eacute;e par les sciences et les technologies dans la transformation des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s (Beck, 2001). Callon (1998) &eacute;voque la performativit&eacute; sociale des technosciences dans le sens o&ugrave; elles transforment radicalement nos conditions de vie et notre condition humaine. Dans le champ philosophique, Parizeau (2015) d&eacute;nonce l&rsquo;influence des id&eacute;ologies scientifiques sur les nouvelles disciplines scientifiques comme les biotechnologies, nanotechnologies, intelligence artificielle, la g&eacute;n&eacute;tique etc. Certaines id&eacute;ologies reposent sur l&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; d&rsquo;hybrider l&rsquo;humain avec la machine (le cyborg) pour d&eacute;passer les limites biologiques et permettre l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce humaine. Aur&eacute;ol&eacute;es de la soi-disant objectivit&eacute; de la m&eacute;thode scientifique, elles diffusent dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et marquent l&rsquo;imaginaire des politiques et des citoyens. Dans le contexte n&eacute;olib&eacute;ral, l&rsquo;hybridation peut &ecirc;tre dirig&eacute;e vers la performance et permettre de rendre pr&eacute;dictible les comportements humains dans le but de les rationaliser et de les assujettir &agrave; la technique (Benasayag, 2016). A ce titre, il d&eacute;voile ses craintes lorsqu&rsquo;il met en garde sur une possible colonisation du vivant par l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle (2019).</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Ainsi, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&rsquo;agir humain, il est d&eacute;sormais envisageable de modifier le vivant, de le fa&ccedil;onner moyennant s&eacute;lection g&eacute;n&eacute;tique, de l&rsquo;hybrider &agrave; des dispositifs &eacute;lectroniques ou des machines, de le synth&eacute;tiser, de d&eacute;velopper une intelligence artificielle, des machines morales&nbsp;; c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire des robots capables de ressentir des &eacute;motions, de faire la diff&eacute;rence entre le bien et le mal et d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der &agrave; une forme de moralit&eacute;<strong><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[3]</span></a></strong>. Cette technologisation interroge et soul&egrave;ve des questions majeures en termes de libert&eacute;, de condition humaine, d&rsquo;&eacute;thique. L&rsquo;enjeu est donc de trouver les cl&eacute;s de l&rsquo;&eacute;mancipation de cette doxa pour affirmer haut et fort la valeur existentielle de la vie (Benasayag, 2019). L&rsquo;&eacute;cole en tant qu&rsquo;institution sociale et politique a pour fonction d&rsquo;&eacute;duquer le citoyen &agrave; la vie en commun, &agrave; la perp&eacute;tuation des fondements et &agrave; la soutenabilit&eacute; du monde (Simard, 2017). Cette mission &eacute;ducative questionne fortement les conditions d&rsquo;enseignement des sciences (Pedretti, Nazir, 2011).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt: 1.15pt;tab-stops:239.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bien que fortement cloisonn&eacute;s en disciplines acad&eacute;miques les programmes scolaires fran&ccedil;ais offrent cependant des espaces o&ugrave; faire vivre des innovations p&eacute;dagogiques qui permettent &agrave; des &eacute;quipes &eacute;ducatives pluridisciplinaires de s&rsquo;emparer d&rsquo;une &eacute;ducation citoyenne aux sciences. C&rsquo;est dans ce contexte que les dispositifs d&rsquo;enseignement &eacute;voqu&eacute;s dans cet article ont &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;us. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour le champ de la didactique <span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">des sciences de nombreux travaux portent sur l&rsquo;enseignement des interactions science-soci&eacute;t&eacute; et plus sp&eacute;cifiquement des questions socioscientifiques (SSI pour SocioScientific Issues) (Sadler, Chambers, Zeidler, 2004) visant &agrave; interroger les cons&eacute;quences sociales et &eacute;thiques des sciences lors de l&rsquo;enseignement. Le courant francophone des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV) tout comme le courant SSI reconnaissent les liens existants entre les sciences, le social, l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et le politique&nbsp;et insistent sur le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e critique, de l&rsquo;&eacute;mancipation et de l&rsquo;engagement citoyen (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, 2019). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Dans le prolongement des travaux de la didactique des QSV, nous nous int&eacute;resserons &agrave; ces dispositifs &agrave; m&ecirc;mes de g&eacute;n&eacute;rer une <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">attitude </i>dans le sens de prendre soin, donner de l&rsquo;attention, manifester de la sollicitude, saisir la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;) chez de jeunes coll&eacute;giens (12-15 ans). A travers des dispositifs d&rsquo;atelier d&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii fictifs, les jeunes apprenants peuvent inscrire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">un soi</i> dans l&rsquo;espace social en d&eacute;ployant une dimension &agrave; la fois cr&eacute;ative, et vuln&eacute;rable &agrave; propos des questions soci&eacute;tales majeures&nbsp;que sont les innovations technoscientifiques et leur performativit&eacute; sociale. L&rsquo;agir dans le monde, la participation &agrave; un espace citoyen rel&egrave;vent &agrave; la fois de l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation de l&rsquo;autre et de l&rsquo;inscription de soi. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs &eacute;tudi&eacute;s ont pour objectif de&nbsp;permettre de vivre une forme de participation d&eacute;mocratique pour &ecirc;tre en mesure de n&eacute;gocier les valeurs de demain. Ils engagent &agrave; faire vivre, &agrave; faire circuler des valeurs ou contre-valeurs et des formes de bienveillance agie dans la prospection de l&rsquo;avenir. Ces dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;s dans le cadre d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">D&eacute;velopper le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">care</i> sur une temporalit&eacute; collective&nbsp;: prendre soin de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Nous sommes tous vuln&eacute;rables<o:p></o:p></span></i></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">L&rsquo;acc&eacute;l&eacute;ration des innovations dans de nombreux secteurs comme l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle, les biotechnologies, la sant&eacute;, le num&eacute;rique, l&rsquo;armement (pour ne prendre que quelques exemples) posent de r&eacute;elles questions sur les usages qui peuvent en &ecirc;tre faits, aujourd&rsquo;hui, mais &eacute;galement dans un avenir plus lointain. Par exemple, comment s&rsquo;assurer que les programmes de &laquo;&nbsp;tracking&nbsp;&raquo; mis en place pour localiser les personnes atteintes du Covid aujourd&rsquo;hui, ne seront pas utilis&eacute;s demain pour tracer et discriminer d&rsquo;autres individus dans d&rsquo;autres circonstances. Ces nouvelles connaissances &laquo;&nbsp;lancent le d&eacute;fi de la complexit&eacute;&nbsp;: comment confronter, s&eacute;lectionner, organiser ces connaissances de fa&ccedil;on ad&eacute;quate en les reliant et en int&eacute;grant l&rsquo;incertitude &raquo; (Morin, 2020, p. 7). En effet, l&rsquo;innovation ne peut plus &ecirc;tre pens&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;au nom du progr&egrave;s, mais au nom de la durabilit&eacute; ; il s&rsquo;agit moins d&rsquo;aller de l&rsquo;avant que de durer. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; cet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">oxymore</i>, d&eacute;veloppement durable, qui tente presque magiquement de concilier l&rsquo;id&eacute;al de d&eacute;veloppement, de croissance, et le souci de survivre, maintenir, perdurer&nbsp;&raquo; (Bensaude-Vincent, 2016, p. 95). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Pour Bensaude-Vincent, 2016, il n&rsquo;est plus possible d&rsquo;envisager un monde viable sans recourir &agrave; une &eacute;thique qui se soucie, qui fasse attention aux choses. Les questions &eacute;thiques sur la condition humaine, la libert&eacute;, la justice sont plus que jamais d&rsquo;actualit&eacute; (Habermas, 2015). Face &agrave; ce raz de mar&eacute;e d&rsquo;incertitudes les gouvernements normalisent, l&eacute;gif&egrave;rent pour contr&ocirc;ler les risques. Mais les catastrophes technologiques, climatiques, la disparition de la biodiversit&eacute; montrent qu&rsquo;en d&eacute;pit de la comp&eacute;tence des experts rien ne pourra cerner l&rsquo;incertitude, comme si l&rsquo;illusion de ma&icirc;trise avait pour fonction de d&eacute;nier la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;. La rationalit&eacute; technoscientifique est loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre suffisante pour penser le monde d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui et de demain (Beck, 2001), pire elle installe une vision totalisante (Guchet, Legallais, 2019). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Sur le plan &eacute;thique Tronto (2009) consid&egrave;re que le crit&egrave;re d&rsquo;autonomie est incompatible avec la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de l&rsquo;inter-d&eacute;pendance des humains du fait de leur vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; fondamentale. Pour elle, la n&eacute;cessaire pens&eacute;e du care, de la sollicitude prend en compte l&rsquo;anthropologie de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;, cette vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; ordinaire quotidienne qui consiste &agrave; &ecirc;tre soi, tout simplement humain. C&rsquo;est ainsi que l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du care propose une autre approche du jugement moral, compl&eacute;mentaire de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique de la justice, pour pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment prendre acte de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; et de la d&eacute;pendance de l&rsquo;humain. L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du care est certes profond&eacute;ment li&eacute;e aux conditions de vie ordinaire. Toutefois Tronto insiste sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">politiser le care</i> pour l&rsquo;extraire de son confinement au niveau d&rsquo;une morale priv&eacute;e et l&rsquo;&eacute;riger au niveau d&rsquo;une th&eacute;orie morale politique. Le regard du care modifie profond&eacute;ment le regard contemporain de la morale structur&eacute; par une th&eacute;orie de la justice (Rawls, 1971)&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:1.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Pour &eacute;tablir des principes &eacute;quitables, John Rawls (&hellip;) mod&eacute;lisait une &laquo;&nbsp;position originelle&nbsp;&raquo; dans laquelle des individus d&eacute;sincarn&eacute;s d&eacute;finissent les r&egrave;gles r&eacute;gissant la soci&eacute;t&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;sous un voile d&rsquo;ignorance&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire sans conna&icirc;tre aucune de leurs caract&eacute;ristiques personnelles ou sociales (&hellip;) le r&eacute;alisme pr&ocirc;n&eacute; par la perspective du&nbsp;care&nbsp;aurait tendance &agrave; mettre en point d&rsquo;ancrage de la pens&eacute;e morale et politique une&nbsp;condition originelle&nbsp;marqu&eacute;e par la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de nos vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s (Paperman, 2010, p. 51).<o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:1.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Il s&rsquo;agit de r&eacute;chauffer une &eacute;thique logique (froide) gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la prise de conscience de notre co-responsabilit&eacute; relationnelle. Ainsi, nos raisonnements moraux sont arm&eacute;s d&rsquo;autres comp&eacute;tences compl&eacute;mentaires de celle de la justice, qui sont&nbsp;: l&rsquo;attention, l&rsquo;&eacute;coute, la sollicitude, la responsabilit&eacute;, la r&eacute;ciprocit&eacute; vis-&agrave;-vis d&rsquo;autrui. Les &eacute;l&eacute;ments que fait ressortir cette politisation du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> sont des jalons fructueux pour penser une &eacute;ducation &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; dans une civilisation occidentale mouvement&eacute;e en proie aux exigences de performance et de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; du march&eacute; &eacute;conomique et de l&rsquo;id&eacute;ologie n&eacute;olib&eacute;rale.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Se soucier de&nbsp;: quelles comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;?<o:p></o:p></span></i></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Quelles comp&eacute;tences installer chez les jeunes apprenants&nbsp;pour favoriser cette &eacute;ducation &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; ? Au sein de la r&eacute;volution technoscientifique actuelle, une distance critique s&rsquo;impose, pour &agrave; la fois &eacute;valuer et instaurer une forme d&rsquo;agir &agrave; m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;ajuster l&rsquo;espace d&eacute;cisionnel au c&oelig;ur de la dynamique d&rsquo;&eacute;volution et non r&eacute;trospectivement. Une forme d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1"> - </span></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">au sein de laquelle des questions &eacute;thiques sont abord&eacute;es, d&eacute;battues, explor&eacute;es, sc&eacute;naris&eacute;es </span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">- </span></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;un apprentissage visant &agrave; s&rsquo;impr&eacute;gner de la dimension critique des sciences humaines et sociales pour aborder les questions scientifiques. De fait, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont &eacute;t&eacute; invit&eacute;s &agrave; se d&eacute;tacher de l&rsquo;imm&eacute;diatet&eacute;, et de l&rsquo;interaction ancr&eacute;e sur une situation actuelle, pour int&eacute;grer un autre type &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;attitude care&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: int&eacute;grer le prendre soin dans des d&eacute;cisions collectives sur une temporalit&eacute; collective, institutionnelle, qui va de fait d&eacute;passer la temporalit&eacute; individuelle, et ce dans une posture de d&eacute;cideur. En effet, ne pourrait-on pas apprendre &agrave; d&eacute;velopper des gestes &eacute;thiques tout comme on d&eacute;veloppe des gestes professionnels (Jorro, 1998), corr&eacute;lant attitude et savoir-faire&nbsp;? R&eacute;to (2016) reprend les travaux de la philosophe de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation Nel Noddings qui, quand elle &laquo;&nbsp;[&hellip;] utilise le terme&nbsp;caring, [&hellip;] d&eacute;crit non pas un attribut ou trait de personnalit&eacute;, mais une relation morale.&nbsp;&raquo; Elle pr&eacute;cise en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence encore &agrave; ces travaux, que &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caring&nbsp;</i>n&lsquo;est pas quelque chose que vous &ecirc;tes, mais plut&ocirc;t quelque chose dans lequel vous vous engagez, quelque chose que vous faites. [&hellip;]. Le&nbsp;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caring</i>&nbsp;est &agrave; la fois un choix, une responsabilit&eacute; et une obligation impliquant affect et volont&eacute; &raquo; (R&eacute;to, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">De fait, le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> dans la d&eacute;finition que nous adoptons devient une bienveillance agie (Usclat, 2016) &agrave; impulser comme pi&egrave;ce ma&icirc;tresse pour faire face aux d&eacute;fis technologiques et aux mutations actuelles. De nombreux travaux se sont d&eacute;j&agrave; pench&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t du care pour l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation (Derycke, Foray, 2018&nbsp;; Usclat, H&eacute;tier, Monjo, 2016 ; Nurock &amp; Panissal, 2016, Panissal, Molinier, 2016&nbsp;; Roux-Lafay, 2012&nbsp;; Noddings, 2008). Nous nous inscrivons dans le prolongement de ces travaux avec comme objectif de mettre l&rsquo;accent sur le d&eacute;veloppement moral des &eacute;l&egrave;ves afin de les outiller pour penser la performativit&eacute; des innovations technologiques sur la soci&eacute;t&eacute;.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">&Eacute;duquer &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;&nbsp;: apports de la didactique des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV) <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">La didactique des QSV est un champ de recherche francophone (Legardez, Simonneaux, 2006) qui &eacute;tudie les conditions d&rsquo;enseignement, d&rsquo;apprentissage de questions dites floues, voire filout&eacute;es (Fabre, 2014) controvers&eacute;es, complexes, fortement interdisciplinaires, v&eacute;hiculant de nombreuses incertitudes, valeurs tant sur le plan des savoirs de r&eacute;f&eacute;rences (dans les sph&egrave;res de production de savoir), sur le plan soci&eacute;tal et m&eacute;diatique (d&eacute;battues dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;), mais &eacute;galement dans les situations d&rsquo;enseignement (sujettes &agrave; d&eacute;bat, contestations en classe). Cette didactique se revendique comme une didactique engag&eacute;e &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;vis&eacute;e transformative de l&rsquo;Education (&hellip;). Cette vis&eacute;e transformative de la recherche peut certes prendre diff&eacute;rentes formes &ndash; &eacute;ducation critique, socio-politique, activisme -, utiliser diff&eacute;rents leviers &ndash; des ing&eacute;nieries exp&eacute;rimentales ou ordinaires - et &ecirc;tre plus ou moins implicite&nbsp;&raquo; (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, Legardez, 2014). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Une d&eacute;marche pour enqu&ecirc;ter sur des savoirs flous en vue de d&eacute;velopper des comp&eacute;tences<o:p></o:p></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Depuis son origine, la didactique des QSV r&eacute;fl&eacute;chit &agrave; la construction de dispositifs d&rsquo;enseignement de savoirs complexes et charg&eacute;s de valeurs. Plus r&eacute;cemment, une mod&eacute;lisation de ces diff&eacute;rents dispositifs a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;e autour d&rsquo;une approche p&eacute;dagogique dite de la d&eacute;marque d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te (</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"T0I84vES","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. Simonneaux et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. Simonneaux et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":729,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5513367/items/A8WRBZSG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5513367/items/A8WRBZSG"],"itemData":{"id":729,"type":"article-journal","title":"Menons l’enquête sur des questions d’EDD dans la perspective des QSV","container-title":"Formation et pratiques d'enseignement en questions","page":"143-160","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Simonneaux","given":"L"},{"family":"Simonneaux","given":"J"},{"family":"Hervé","given":"N"},{"family":"Molinatti","given":"G"},{"family":"Nedelec","given":"L"},{"family":"Cancian","given":"N"},{"family":"Lipp","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Simonneaux et al., 2017)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> en lien avec les travaux de Dewey (2006). La pertinence d&rsquo;outils p&eacute;dagogiques tels que les cartographies de controverses, les d&eacute;bats entre &eacute;l&egrave;ves, les jeux de r&ocirc;les, les rencontres d&rsquo;acteurs, les jeux s&eacute;rieux, l&rsquo;analyse des m&eacute;dias y est discut&eacute;e (Simonneaux (ed.), 2019). Ce mod&egrave;le, suffisamment g&eacute;n&eacute;ral pour ne pas &ecirc;tre prescriptif et permettre des adaptations aux diff&eacute;rents contextes d&rsquo;enseignement, sugg&egrave;re d&rsquo;aborder les QSV par le biais d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te adapt&eacute;e aux questions complexes (Fabre, 2014). Lors de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te sur une QSV la classe (professeurs et &eacute;l&egrave;ves) se transforme en une communaut&eacute; de chercheurs qui va explorer le savoir dans toutes les facettes de sa complexit&eacute;. Les dispositifs discut&eacute;s plus loin ont tous &eacute;t&eacute; pens&eacute;s selon la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Le traitement didactique d&rsquo;une QSV bouscule les pratiques enseignantes des disciplines acad&eacute;miques. Les comp&eacute;tences du citoyen doivent &agrave; pr&eacute;sent d&eacute;passer l&rsquo;unique rationalit&eacute; scientifique et d&eacute;velopper des comp&eacute;tences de soutenabilit&eacute; du monde (Sauv&eacute;, Orellane, Villemagne, Bader, 2017), <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Il ne s&rsquo;agit plus pour les enseignants de dispenser un savoir de fa&ccedil;on traditionnelle, ax&eacute; sur la discipline acad&eacute;mique (enseignement froid), sous peine de nier la complexit&eacute; de la QSV, mais de s&rsquo;acheminer peu &agrave; peu vers un enseignement plus chaud qui prend en compte les incertitudes, les jeux d&rsquo;acteurs, les questions sociales et &eacute;thiques, les valeurs jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; une &eacute;ducation citoyenne pouvant d&eacute;boucher, d&egrave;s l&rsquo;&eacute;cole, sur des actions militantes voire sur de l&rsquo;activisme (enseignement au plus chaud). Sont alors int&eacute;gr&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignement d&rsquo;une QSV, les questions de justice sociale situ&eacute;es et des analyses de mod&egrave;les de soci&eacute;t&eacute;. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Les dispositifs que nous &eacute;voquons dans cet article se situent dans une position m&eacute;diane dans ce gradient froid-chaud, ils visent au d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e critique et de comp&eacute;tences de viabilit&eacute;. D&eacute;finir la pens&eacute;e critique n&rsquo;est pas une t&acirc;che simple, tant ce concept traverse de nombreux champs disciplinaires, philosophie, sociologie, sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation et m&ecirc;me au sein des sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, il n&rsquo;existe pas de consensus. Nous avons fait de choix d&rsquo;une d&eacute;finition du champ &eacute;ducatif qui appr&eacute;hende son d&eacute;veloppement dans l&rsquo;interaction en confrontation avec l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; (Daniel, 2005). L&rsquo;auteure aborde la pens&eacute;e critique selon une approche <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">quadri modale</i> en quatre modes de pens&eacute;e (logique, cr&eacute;atif, responsable, m&eacute;ta cognitif). Le mode de pens&eacute;e logique est le si&egrave;ge des raisonnements, jugements, reposant sur des crit&egrave;res, il est sensible au contexte, et capable d&rsquo;autocorrections. Le mode de pens&eacute;e cr&eacute;atif permet de cr&eacute;er, de faire des connexions neuves et diff&eacute;rentes, d&rsquo;envisager d&rsquo;autres alternatives. Le mode m&eacute;tacognitif correspond aux raisonnements &eacute;valuatifs exprimant un changement de conduite, il t&eacute;moigne des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer des critiques et de s&rsquo;auto-corriger. Enfin le mode de pens&eacute;e responsable correspond au raisonnement &eacute;thique qui n&eacute;cessite un dialogue et une rencontre avec autrui permettant le d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une pens&eacute;e responsable. Compte tenu de son caract&egrave;re &eacute;troitement li&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;aspect &eacute;thique du jugement nous avons fait le choix de nommer ce registre la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique. Elle est donc d&eacute;finie comme une praxis et exprime la capacit&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;valuer et &eacute;mettre des jugements sur le plan moral. Bien entendu le jugement moral dont il est question ici est celui d&rsquo;une morale compl&egrave;te soit une morale de la justice compl&eacute;ment&eacute;e d&rsquo;une morale du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> &eacute;tant entendu que les transformations que connaissent les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s contemporaines sont pour une large part d&eacute;clench&eacute;es par les sciences et technologies et leur &eacute;valuation morale par le prisme du juste ne permet pas de penser les vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s inh&eacute;rentes &agrave; ces d&eacute;veloppements.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> 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mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Des dispositifs d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation aux technosciences</span></i></h4> <p><o:p></o:p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Depuis 2007, dans le cadre de &laquo;&nbsp;recherches interventions&nbsp;&raquo; (Bedin, 2013) nous co-construisons avec des &eacute;quipes d&rsquo;enseignants de l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire des dispositifs d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne aux nanotechnologies appliqu&eacute;es &agrave; la sant&eacute;&nbsp;<strong><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[4]</span></a></strong> dans le cadre de la didactique des QSV (Panissal, Brossais, Vieu, 2010). Nos travaux se focalisent sur le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique (Panissal, 2017). Ces dispositifs, d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de 20 heures, ont &eacute;t&eacute; construits avec la volont&eacute; de croiser les expertises disciplinaires des enseignants de coll&egrave;ges ou lyc&eacute;es (enseignants de disciplines scientifiques et des humanit&eacute;s) et les expertises d&rsquo;enseignants chercheurs en nanotechnologies et sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation. L&rsquo;architecture de ces dispositifs est structur&eacute;e selon la logique de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te QSV. Ils sont syst&eacute;matiquement compos&eacute;s de trois blocs&nbsp;: des enseignements scientifiques en lien avec le travail des chercheurs nanos et les programmes scolaires, des travaux pratiques avec visite de laboratoires de recherche, et une partie r&eacute;flexive autour de d&eacute;bats argument&eacute;s, production de jeux de r&ocirc;les, pi&egrave;ces de th&eacute;&acirc;tre, production de r&eacute;cits fictifs.</p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Notre premi&egrave;re approche de la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; vis-&agrave;-vis des bionanotechnologies a consist&eacute; &agrave; mettre en place la pr&eacute;paration et la tenue de d&eacute;bats argument&eacute;s dans les classes entre les &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Nous avons pu montrer que le d&eacute;bat QSV est un outil pertinent pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des questions complexes qui s&rsquo;ins&egrave;re &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;tapes d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te, aussi bien au d&eacute;but pour faire &eacute;merger les repr&eacute;sentions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, que pour discuter apr&egrave;s une recherche documentaire et s&eacute;lectionner les arguments importants, qu&rsquo;en phase terminale o&ugrave; il faut proposer des solutions ou construire une opinion raisonn&eacute;e sur la question (Panissal, 2014). Des travaux ant&eacute;rieurs, ont permis de montrer qu&rsquo;au cours des d&eacute;bats, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves construisent non seulement des savoirs scientifiques, mais &eacute;galement des savoirs socio-&eacute;thiques en lien avec une QSV.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Par exemple lors de d&eacute;bats sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de la nanom&eacute;decine, ils parviennent &agrave; soulever des questions cruciales li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;augmentation des capacit&eacute;s humaines, les nouvelles discriminations par rapport aux profils g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques des patients. Les d&eacute;bats permettent ainsi de faire &eacute;merger une probl&eacute;matisation &eacute;thique, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire de mettre en exergue ce qui est juste mais aussi ce qui compte, ce qui est important et qui a de la valeur sur le plan moral (Panissal, Molinier, 2016). Les arguments du care, plus attach&eacute;s au contexte ordinaire des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, sont souvent les &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&eacute;clencheurs de la probl&eacute;matisation &eacute;thique car ils permettent de donner du sens &agrave; des sujets tr&egrave;s abstraits pour un jeune public adolescent comme l&rsquo;augmentation humaine par le recours aux technosciences, les limites du d&eacute;pistage g&eacute;n&eacute;tique pr&eacute;natal (Panissal, 2017). Certes, ils sont sensibilis&eacute;s aux questions &eacute;thiques qu&rsquo;ils ne soup&ccedil;onnaient pas au d&eacute;part, ils sont sensibles &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;. N&eacute;anmoins, le traitement de cette vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; reste tr&egrave;s g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et est le plus souvent ramen&eacute; &agrave; des questions de justice et d&rsquo;&eacute;gal acc&egrave;s. Les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont que trop rarement identifi&eacute; les nouvelles vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s qui pourraient na&icirc;tre du fait des applications des innovations dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Aussi, afin de pousser plus en amont la mobilisation de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique, les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; compl&eacute;t&eacute;s par des outils pour penser le futur&nbsp;: le r&eacute;cit fictif.<o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Des dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs&nbsp;comme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lieu cr&eacute;atif et </i>espaces d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoires de demain</span></b><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> 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mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Dans les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs, l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii fictifs pour &eacute;clairer les implications &eacute;thiques a &eacute;t&eacute; amorc&eacute;e suite &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion interdisciplinaire sciences physiques et litt&eacute;rature en coll&egrave;ge. Un espace d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoire a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;, par la mise en place de d&eacute;bats, impuls&eacute; par le dispositif Nano&eacute;cole et compl&eacute;t&eacute; par un aspect plus cr&eacute;atif qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;&eacute;criture litt&eacute;raire. Ce dispositif &eacute;ducatif (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, 2018) s&rsquo;est construit autour d&rsquo;ateliers d&rsquo;&eacute;criture &agrave; partir de trois temps&nbsp;&eacute;ducatifs dans ce croisement interdisciplinaire Sciences physiques et Lettres : imaginer/inventer, s&rsquo;impr&eacute;gner/r&eacute;diger, partager/d&eacute;battre. Ces temps &eacute;ducatifs ont m&ecirc;l&eacute; successivement ou parall&egrave;lement des s&eacute;ances pour imaginer des amorces pour l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des sc&eacute;narios, pour esquisser &agrave; l&rsquo;oral ces sc&eacute;narios, pour accueillir la conf&eacute;rence d&rsquo;un chercheur sp&eacute;cialiste des nanotechnologies, pour visiter un laboratoire scientifique, notamment la &laquo;&nbsp;salle blanche&nbsp;&raquo;, et principalement pour r&eacute;diger des r&eacute;cits tout en nourrissant cette d&eacute;marche r&eacute;flexive qui s&rsquo;est associ&eacute;e &agrave; une pens&eacute;e cr&eacute;ative, attentive. Un dernier atelier a &eacute;t&eacute; consacr&eacute; au partage des r&eacute;cits produits par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves et &agrave; un nouveau d&eacute;bat autour de la lecture de ces r&eacute;cits.</span></p> <p><o:p></o:p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Leur dynamique narrative s&rsquo;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e &ecirc;tre un outil int&eacute;ressant pour contribuer au d&eacute;veloppement moral et engager une r&eacute;flexion &eacute;thique (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis 2018). Propos&eacute;s par ailleurs par l&rsquo;universit&eacute; d&rsquo;Arizona (<em>Center for Nanotechnology in society</em>) comme dispositif d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne, les scenarii fictifs s&rsquo;inscrivent comme un espace de recherche &eacute;ducation &agrave; d&eacute;velopper.<strong><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[5]</span></a></strong> L&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience des r&eacute;cits fictifs au coll&egrave;ge propos&eacute;e &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion prenant en compte la syntaxe narrative et ses valeurs ouvre un champ de recherche autour de la pens&eacute;e pour le futur &ndash;<em>Future Thinking</em>- (Jones et al., 2012) au sein de la didactique des QSV. Il est possible de rendre compte au mieux des pr&eacute;suppos&eacute;s et de la pertinence des tissages narratifs, de leur mouvement au fur et &agrave; mesure des productions et des &eacute;changes.</p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Les r&eacute;cits fictifs pour d&eacute;velopper la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Ce n&rsquo;est pas une posture d&rsquo;observateur qui a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;e aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves engag&eacute;s dans ce projet mais une posture d&rsquo;auteur. Rumpala (2016) &eacute;voque de nombreuses &oelig;uvres de science-fiction </span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">soulevant la question de la &laquo;&nbsp;concordance des temporalit&eacute;s entre d&eacute;veloppements techniques et r&eacute;flexions &eacute;thiques<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Microsoft%20Office%20User" datetime="2020-04-27T16:20"> </ins></span>&raquo;.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> </span></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Le r&eacute;cit avec &laquo; tout un agencement d&rsquo;explorations et d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimentations fictionnelles [&hellip;] peut ainsi aider &agrave; construire&nbsp;une &eacute;thique du futur ayant sa propre pertinence, particuli&egrave;rement pour les angles morts et les points aveugles que risqueraient de laisser d&rsquo;autres constructions &eacute;thiques &raquo; (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ibidem</i>, p. 82) et d&rsquo;autres outils p&eacute;dagogiques comme le d&eacute;bat &eacute;voqu&eacute; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment. Nous avons pu montrer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des r&eacute;cits fictifs pour le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. La place d&rsquo;auteur de r&eacute;cits fictionnels<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>permet aux apprenants de se familiariser avec les questions soci&eacute;tales en les re-liant aux objets scientifiques qu&rsquo;ils ont pu aborder dans leurs cours. L&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;nario permet ainsi de mettre &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve, de d&eacute;construire, de transformer les objets scientifiques et de les projeter dans un environnement prospectif, imaginaire et fictif (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, 2018). La narration permet une r&eacute;flexion implicite et autorise les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; prendre des d&eacute;cisions au cours de leur production, &agrave; &eacute;tablir des liens</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> &eacute;troits entre les connaissances scientifiques, et les d&eacute;cisions de narration qui vont orienter leur action, la perturber. En effet, le sc&eacute;nario d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit fictif n&rsquo;est pas assimilable aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements de la vie r&eacute;elle o&ugrave; ce qui va arriver &eacute;chappe totalement aux intentions initiales. Edgar Morin &eacute;nonce &agrave; ce propos ce constat d&eacute;routant et exact &laquo;&nbsp;qu&rsquo;on a beau savoir que tout ce qui s&#39;est pass&eacute; d&#39;important dans l&#39;histoire mondiale ou dans notre vie &eacute;tait totalement inattendu, on continue &agrave; agir comme si rien d&#39;inattendu ne devrait d&eacute;sormais arriver &raquo; (Morin, 2014, p.108) </span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Dans un entretien, Ricoeur (2001) souligne l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;immortalit&eacute; que se donne l&rsquo;homme dans les institutions. Ces institutions durent plus que chacun d&rsquo;entre nous, et soul&egrave;ve la question de la fragilit&eacute; qui leur est propre&nbsp;; &agrave; leur &eacute;chelle elles sont vuln&eacute;rables &agrave; l&rsquo;irr&eacute;vocable et l&rsquo;impr&eacute;visible</span><strong><span style="color:#2980b9;"><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6">[6]</a>.</span></strong><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"> L&rsquo;institution pose un lieu de reconnaissance de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; collective et individuelle, noyau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">d&rsquo;ips&eacute;it&eacute;</i>, de reconnaissance de soi-m&ecirc;me, qui est &agrave; la fois narrative et morale. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture narrative est &agrave; m&ecirc;me de stimuler une <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">conscience collective</i> par le biais du personnage, entrant dans le jeu d&rsquo;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">interactions </i>- avec un regard d&eacute;plac&eacute;, &agrave; distance qui implique une attitude d&rsquo;autorit&eacute; non seulement auctoriale au sens de faire appara&icirc;tre</span><strong><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[7]</span></a></strong><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">, mais aussi au sens &laquo;&nbsp;&hellip; de l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; dont jouit l&rsquo;auteur, [dans une] <i>conscience &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;thique&nbsp;&raquo; o&ugrave; il est en devenir de lui-m&ecirc;me &raquo;. </i> C&rsquo;est &agrave; la fois cet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">au nom de soi</i>, cette intention cr&eacute;atrice, cette conscience du monde qui nous int&eacute;ressent dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des r&eacute;cits fictifs qui interrogent la notion de causalit&eacute; r&eacute;cursive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" 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5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Dans la vari&eacute;t&eacute; des r&eacute;cits produits</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1">, </span></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">certains se sont focalis&eacute;s sur la science et l&rsquo;objet scientifique, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont utilis&eacute; des arguments technoscientifiques voire technophiles dans leurs fictions, ils ont jou&eacute; le jeu des r&eacute;cits de science-fiction n&eacute;gligeant parfois l&rsquo;humain et sa fragilit&eacute;. Inversement d&rsquo;autres r&eacute;cits se sont tellement concentr&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;humain qu&rsquo;ils en ont oubli&eacute; l&rsquo;exploration de l&rsquo;innovation et ont relat&eacute; des faits tr&egrave;s contemporains de personnes malades qui acceptent par exemple des essais cliniques pour traiter des maladies incurables au p&eacute;ril de leur vie. C&rsquo;est ainsi que la transposition du genre science-fiction dans la situation de classe, m&ecirc;me si elle contribue au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une pens&eacute;e orient&eacute;e vers le futur semble trop large pour mobiliser une pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique au service de la justice et du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i>. Dans le contexte d&rsquo;enseignement, les genres sont soumis &agrave; des logiques de transpositions au service de leur apprentissage (Schneuwly &amp; Dolz, 1997). Le genre est ici contraint par deux facteurs&nbsp;: l&rsquo;&eacute;cole et le champ de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; sociale de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence (la litt&eacute;rature de science-fiction). C&rsquo;est ainsi que pour les besoins de l&rsquo;exploration d&rsquo;une QSV li&eacute;e &agrave; la nanom&eacute;decine, les pratiques sociales de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence de production de r&eacute;cits fictifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; transpos&eacute;es dans la situation didactique avec comme hypoth&egrave;se que la science-fiction serait &agrave; m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;interroger une &eacute;thique du futur et de penser un monde soutenable apte &agrave; assurer la continuit&eacute; de la vie sur la terre. Pour Rumpala (2016) la science-fiction pr&eacute;sente un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t non n&eacute;gligeable&nbsp;; elle permet de pousser le raisonnement jusqu&rsquo;aux limites de l&rsquo;entendement, d&rsquo;imaginer les pires sc&eacute;narri, d&rsquo;explorer les r&eacute;pertoires sociotechniques, d&rsquo;&eacute;prouver les innovations technologiques jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de la posthumanit&eacute;. La science-fiction permet une exploration d&rsquo;un futur &eacute;loign&eacute; ou plus exactement un exercice narratif qui permet d&rsquo;explorer les aventures de h&eacute;ros dans des mondes invent&eacute;s. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>C&rsquo;est bien l&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;invention qui est premier dans la science-fiction, celui de l&rsquo;imaginaire pour explorer le pire et le meilleur des futurs possibles, une invention qui repose avant tout sur la science, la technoscience, l&rsquo;innovation scientifique pour elle-m&ecirc;me. Cette d&eacute;marche peut compl&egrave;tement occulter l&rsquo;aspect prospectif de l&rsquo;exercice. Or les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs relat&eacute;s ici ont pour ambition de d&eacute;velopper une &eacute;ducation aux sciences critiques (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, 2019) qui permette de soumettre l&rsquo;innovation aux exigences humaines, sociales, politiques, &eacute;conomiques, &eacute;cologiques&hellip; C&rsquo;est pour cette raison que le r&eacute;cit d&rsquo;anticipation para&icirc;t plus adapt&eacute; aux vis&eacute;es prospectives de la didactique des QSV.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:" times="">Prospective didactique des QSV&nbsp;: l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t du r&eacute;cit d&rsquo;anticipation<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h4> <p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:1.0cm; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Bien qu&rsquo;il soit souvent assimil&eacute; &agrave; la science-fiction, il faut distinguer le roman d&#39;anticipation comme sous-genre de la science-fiction. La diff&eacute;rence essentielle vient de l&rsquo;ancrage du roman d&rsquo;anticipation dans le cr&eacute;dible. En effet, m&ecirc;me si le monde qu&rsquo;il met en sc&egrave;ne est le r&eacute;sultat de l&rsquo;imagination de l&rsquo;&eacute;crivain et de l&rsquo;environnement fictif qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;veloppe, il n&rsquo;en demeure pas moins fictif. Toutefois, ce qui le distingue de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit de science-fiction, c&rsquo;est sa facult&eacute; de rendre le r&eacute;cit presque r&eacute;el. L&rsquo;auteur prend appui sur le quotidien, ce qui est plausible ici et maintenant pour le re-lier avec des &eacute;v&eacute;nements issus de son imagination et purement fictifs (Stienon, 2013). La production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation nous semble plus compatible avec les attendus de la situation scolaire autour d&rsquo;une QSV. Compte tenu de l&rsquo;&acirc;ge des apprenants, la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation para&icirc;t pertinente car elle permet de conserver aux sc&eacute;narii un air familier, qui peut &ecirc;tre proche du jeune, proche des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts du vivre ensemble qui conf&egrave;re au r&eacute;cit une dimension prospective, alors que les productions de science-fiction peuvent les conduire dans un exercice o&ugrave; seul l&rsquo;exercice du progr&egrave;s scientifique est mis en sc&egrave;ne sans &ecirc;tre questionn&eacute; sur le plan &eacute;thique comme par exemple lorsque les &eacute;l&egrave;ves envisagent des armes de guerre ou d&rsquo;espionnage tr&egrave;s sophistiqu&eacute;es sans en interroger les enjeux, ils s&rsquo;&eacute;loignent trop du monde et anesth&eacute;sient leur pens&eacute;e critique avec les chim&egrave;res du progr&egrave;s scientifique. L&rsquo;innovation discut&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;anticipation est d&eacute;j&agrave; pr&eacute;sente, dans les laboratoires visit&eacute;s, elle est cr&eacute;dible, r&eacute;aliste. L&rsquo;exercice d&rsquo;anticipation, con&ccedil;u au sein de la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te QSV peut ainsi outiller les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; &eacute;couter (&agrave; faire attention &agrave;) ce qui se d&eacute;roule actuellement afin de prendre appui sur les &eacute;v&eacute;nements contemporains de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; pr&eacute;voir m&eacute;thodiquement ce qui pourrait survenir dans un avenir plus ou moins &eacute;loign&eacute; mais non imaginaire. Contraindre le r&eacute;cit &agrave; prendre appui sur l&rsquo;ici et maintenant permet de r&eacute;duire les degr&eacute;s de libert&eacute;s, trop ouverts dans la science-fiction, de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; mieux armer la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique dans ses jugements et &eacute;valuations. L&rsquo;anticipation recrute une d&eacute;marche prospective qui prend en compte l&rsquo;humain, le politique, la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, l&rsquo;&eacute;cologie. La technologie est bien l&agrave; dans l&rsquo;anticipation mais elle n&rsquo;est pas premi&egrave;re. Le roman d&rsquo;anticipation apporte un &eacute;l&eacute;ment prospectif &agrave; une fiction des intuitions (plus ou moins cr&eacute;dibles) de ce qui pourrait advenir. En ce sens on peut dire que l&rsquo;anticipation est une litt&eacute;rature engag&eacute;e, engagement qui pourrait nourrir les capacit&eacute;s critiques et d&rsquo;engagement citoyen revendiqu&eacute;es par la didactique des QSV.<o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Face aux enjeux de la performativit&eacute; des technosciences, &agrave; la rapidit&eacute; de mise sur le march&eacute; des innovations, la pens&eacute;e critique citoyenne est plus que jamais n&eacute;cessaire. La prise en charge de son enseignement &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole a surtout mis en avant la rigueur de la pens&eacute;e critique, la logique, l&rsquo;argumentation, la critique des m&eacute;dias et de l&rsquo;information, les facult&eacute;s de jugement rationnel. Il est d&eacute;sormais temps qu&rsquo;elle s&rsquo;empare des facult&eacute;s de penser le futur en d&eacute;veloppant des comp&eacute;tences prospectives. La modeste proposition de les travailler &agrave; travers la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation nous semble prometteuse, d&rsquo;autant que le cadre de la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te propos&eacute; par les chercheurs en didactique des QSV offre un guide p&eacute;dagogique pour pr&eacute;parer cette production de r&eacute;cits dans un cadre scolaire en menant une enqu&ecirc;te sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution technologique &agrave; &eacute;prouver. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><strong>Bibliographie</strong><o:p></o:p></p> <p>Beck Ulrich, 2001, <em>La soci&eacute;t&eacute; du risque, sur la voie d&rsquo;une autre modernit&eacute;</em>, Paris, Flammarion.<o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p>Bedin V&eacute;ronique, 2013, &laquo;&nbsp;La recherche intervention en &eacute;ducation et en formation : une nouvelle forme de conduite d&rsquo;accompagnement du changement&nbsp;&raquo; dans Bedin V. (dir.), <em>Conduite et accompagnement du changement. Contribution des sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation</em>, Paris, L&rsquo;Harmattan, p. 87-105. <o:p></o:p></p> <p>Benasayag&nbsp;Miguel, 2016, <em>Cerveau augment&eacute;, homme diminu&eacute;</em>, Paris, La D&eacute;couverte,<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Benasayag Miguel, 2019, <em>La tyrannie des algorithmes</em>, Paris, &Eacute;ditions Textuel.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette, 2016, &laquo;&nbsp;Comment sortir du pi&egrave;ge de la fl&egrave;che du temps ?&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Revue fran&ccedil;aise d&#39;&eacute;thique appliqu&eacute;e</em>, vol. 2, n&deg; 2, p. 90-98.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Bouchareu Manon, 2016, &laquo;&nbsp;Penser l&rsquo;apport du&nbsp;care&nbsp;&agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation et &agrave; la gestion des pratiques enseignantes&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<em>&Eacute;ducation et socialisation</em>, Varia, n&deg;40. <o:p></o:p></p> <p>Callon Michel, 1998, <em>La science et ses r&eacute;seaux. 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Pour une politique du care.</em> Paris&nbsp;: La D&eacute;couverte.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Usclat Pierre, H&eacute;tier Renaud, Monjo Roger (coord.), 2016, &laquo;&nbsp;Le&nbsp;care&nbsp;en &eacute;ducation : quelle(s) reconfiguration(s) ?&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>&Eacute;ducation et socialisation</em>,&nbsp;<!--EndFragment-->, Varia, n&deg;40.</p> <p>Usclat Pierre, 2016, &laquo;&nbsp;Le&nbsp;care&nbsp;en &eacute;ducation&nbsp;: de la s&eacute;paration &agrave; l&rsquo;agir en dialogue &raquo;, <em>Education et socialisation</em>, n&deg;40.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 0cm">&nbsp;</p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> 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mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--> <div> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Projet interdisciplinaire Lettres, Fabienne Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, et Physique, Houria Kherfi, dans le cadre de l&rsquo;axe d&rsquo;&eacute;tude du th&egrave;me &laquo;&nbsp;R&ecirc;ves et progr&egrave;s scientifiques&nbsp;&raquo; bas&eacute; sur la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation de 2014 &agrave; 2017 pour favoriser la comp&eacute;tence morale et &eacute;thique des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> <span style="color:#151515">Bouchareu (2016) s&rsquo;inspirant des travaux de P. Molinier (2010) &eacute;tablit un parall&egrave;le entre les pratiques enseignantes et les pratiques en milieu hospitalier. Elle invite &agrave; &eacute;tablir un lien entre les ressources quantifiables (activit&eacute; gestionnaire des ressources mat&eacute;rielles et humaines), la vision centr&eacute;e sur les sujets (les savoirs qualifi&eacute;s &ndash; connaissances acad&eacute;miques, capacit&eacute;s d&eacute;cisionnelles et d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration &ndash; les savoirs d&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution &ndash; gestes techniques et engagement affectif)) et&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;le travail en n&eacute;gatif&nbsp;&raquo; (travail vivant qui &eacute;chappe &agrave; la mesure, inestimable, expression d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par Oury, 2008) pour saisir la cr&eacute;ation et l&rsquo;entretien d&rsquo;une relation &agrave; l&rsquo;autre dans les pratiques professionnelles. Elle souligne l&rsquo;importance de cette approche plurielle au risque d&rsquo;individualiser la responsabilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;chec.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span georgia="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Voir &agrave; ce propos le projet de l&rsquo;Unesco &laquo;&nbsp;Des experts scientifiques de l&rsquo;Unesco explorent le droit des robots&nbsp;&raquo;, 15/09/2016, URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_science_experts_explore_robots_rights/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span georgia="" style="font-family:">http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_science_experts_explore_robots_rights/</span></a></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Les nanotechnologies sont l&rsquo;ensemble des technologies de fabrication et de manipulation de structure biologiques, chimiques physiques &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle du nanom&egrave;tre soit 10<sup>-9</sup> m&egrave;tres, soit les mol&eacute;cules et atomes. Les technologies nanotechnologiques appliqu&eacute;es au domaine de la sant&eacute; correspondent &agrave; la nanom&eacute;decine.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06">[5]</ins></span></span></span></ins></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06"> </ins></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Le Center for Nanotechnology in Society teste par exemple des sujets d&rsquo;&eacute;criture tels que &laquo;&nbsp;vivre avec une puce dans le cerveau&nbsp;: une puce cr&acirc;nienne d&eacute;livre des informations dans le cerveau de l&rsquo;utilisateur pendant son sommeil&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est un questionnement anthropologique qui contribue &agrave; produire, &agrave; orienter la recherche scientifique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#323232">&laquo;&nbsp;Entretien avec Paul Ric&oelig;ur&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Le Philosophoire</i>, vol. 15, no. 3, 2001, pp. 9-21.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#181818">&laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;tymologiquement, l&rsquo;<i>auctoritas</i> vient du verbe <i>augere</i>&nbsp;; &agrave; ce titre, elle s&rsquo;entend comme un &laquo;&nbsp;faire appara&icirc;tre&nbsp;&raquo; (= cr&eacute;er) et comme un &laquo;&nbsp;re-fonder garantissant&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: voil&agrave; du moins ce que &Eacute;mile Benveniste a montr&eacute; dans son c&eacute;l&egrave;bre <i>Vocabulaire des institutions indo-europ&eacute;ennes</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, Audi Paul, &laquo;&nbsp;S&eacute;mantique de l&#39;autorit&eacute; (quelques remarques)&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>La lettre de l&#39;enfance et de l&#39;adolescence</i> 4/2002 (n<sup>o</sup> 50) , p.&nbsp;15-22 - URL : </span></span><a href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-lettre-de-l-enfance-et-de-l-adolescence-2002-4-page-15.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#181818"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">www.cairn.info/revue-lettre-de-l-enfance-et-de-l-adolescence-2002-4-page-15.htm</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p> </div> </div>

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A l’école, si les termes appartenant au champ sémantique du Care ont bien souvent un tropisme négatif, de nombreuses préconisations actuelles insistent sur la notion d’accompagnement bienveillant, montrant un souci de l’école de « panser » les maux internes et externes. Ainsi, on saisit l’urgence d’une pédagogie à la fois orientée vers l’aide mais aussi vers l’entraide, faisant du collectif le lieu dans lequel les interactions sont les vecteurs de réparation de chacun des acteurs engagés. Des dispositifs existent afin de travailler...

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